Reasons for Designation
Hadrian's Wall marks one of the frontiers of the Roman Empire. The
international importance of the surviving remains has been recognised through
designation as a World Heritage Site.
The military importance of the Tyne-Solway route across the Pennines was
recognised by the Romans in the second half of the first century AD when a
military road, the Stanegate, was constructed along with a series of forts.
There is evidence that the Tyne-Solway route was being recognised as a
frontier by the start of the second century AD, but the line was consolidated
in the early second century AD by the construction of a substantial frontier
work, Hadrian's Wall, in c.120 AD. Subsequent attempts to establish the
boundary further north, between Clyde and Forth, failed by c.160 AD. Hadrian's
Wall then remained the frontier of the Roman Empire in Britain until c.400 AD
when Roman armies withdrew from Britain.
For most of its course, the 70 miles of Hadrian's Wall running from coast to
coast comprised a continuous stone wall (which in places was first temporarily
built of turf) with permanent structures sited at intervals of one Roman mile
(milecastles) and at third of a mile intervals (turrets) between the
milecastles. At a later date, the Wall was strengthened by 16 full-size
garrison forts built either on, or close to, the Wall. To the north of the
Wall, for most of its length, lay a substantial defensive ditch and to the
south a complex of banks and ditches provided east-west communication and
demarcated the frontier zone from the province.
To the west of Bowness-on-Solway, where the Wall reached the sea, however, the
frontier had a different character and served a slightly different purpose. At
the western end of the Wall a system of milefortlets and towers, spaced
similarly to the milecastles and turrets along the Wall, extended the frontier
system for at least 27 miles down the Cumbrian coast and helped control
movement across the estuary of the Solway Firth. In places these milefortlets
and towers were supplemented by lengths of palisade fences.
Throughout its long history the Wall was not always well maintained. It was
often neglected and sometimes overrun, but it remained in use until the late
fourth century when a weak and divided Roman Empire finally withdrew its
armies from the Wall and Britain.
The frontier works along the Cumbrian coast survive as earthworks or buried
archaeological remains, the latter sometimes visible on aerial photographs.
They survive in this form largely as a result of the more ephemeral materials
of which they were built (timber and turf instead of the stone of Hadrian's
Wall land frontier) rather than because of poor survival of archaeological
remains. Components of the coastal frontier which have surviving
archaeological remains, whether visible or not, will generally be considered
of national importance.
Despite the lack of surface remains, limited excavation has shown that buried
remains of Silloth Golf Course tower 12b survive well. The monument will
contribute to further study of the Roman frontier defences along the
Cumbrian coast
Details
The monument includes the buried remains of the southern of two Roman towers
located on Silloth Golf Course. Within the sequence of Roman towers
along the Cumbrian coast this one has been identified as 12b. The tower was
originally of sandstone construction and is located on the southern slope of a
sand dune a short distance to the north west of the tenth green. The only
visible remains consist of an irregularly-shaped hollow which represents the
site of limited excavation undertaken in 1956 by Bellhouse. This excavation
found two building phases of the tower; the first was represented by well
constructed walls up to four courses high of a tower measuring 3.5m internally
with a doorway in its north east corner and an external gravel path.
Internally the occupation floor contained five hearths and an assortment of
Roman pottery of Hadrianic date (AD 117-138), one piece of which had broken in
Roman times and been repaired with a small lead casting. This tower had been
abandoned, one of its walls had partly fallen and a build up of blown sand had
accumulated inside the ruin, before the remains were demolished and a smaller
and more crudely built tower was constructed by the Romans on the same spot.
This latter tower has foundations of shore cobbles set in clay and walls up to
three courses high of reused sandstone set in clay. It measured c.2.6m square
internally and had walls c.0.7m wide. The Ordnance Survey incorrectly locates
the tower slightly south east of its actual position.
MAP EXTRACT
The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract.
It includes a 10 metre boundary around the archaeological features,
considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
